Neural network computing systems for predicting vehicle requests

ABSTRACT

Embodiments are described for minimizing a wait time for a rider after sending a ride request for a vehicle. An example computer-implemented method includes receiving a ride request, the request being for travel from a starting location to a zone in a geographic region during a specified timeslot. The method further includes predicting travel demand based on a number of ride requests in the zone during the specified timeslot. The method further includes requesting transport of one or more vehicles to the zone in response to the predicted number of ride requests when the travel demand is predicted to exceed a number of vehicles in the zone during the specified timeslot.

BACKGROUND

The present application relates to computing systems, and morespecifically, to training neural network computing systems forpredicting vehicle travel requests.

A general environment in which the invention operates is often referredto as a neural networks. Typical neural networks use layers ofnon-linear “hidden” units between inputs and outputs of the neuralnetwork. Each unit has a weight that is determined during learning,which is referred to as a training stage. In the training stage, atraining set of data (for example, a training set of inputs each havinga known output) is processed by the neural network. Thus, it is intendedthat the neural network learn how to provide an output for new inputdata by generalizing the information the neural network learns in thetraining stage from the training data. Generally, once learning iscomplete, a validation set is processed by the neural network tovalidate the results of learning. Finally, test data (for example, datafor which generating an output is desired) can be processed by avalidated neural network.

SUMMARY

According to one or more embodiments, a computer-implemented method forminimizing a wait time for a rider after sending a ride request for avehicle. An example computer-implemented method includes receiving aride request, the request being for travel from a starting location to azone in a geographic region during a specified timeslot. The methodfurther includes predicting travel demand based on a number of riderequests in the zone during the specified timeslot. The method furtherincludes requesting transport of one or more vehicles to the zone inresponse to the predicted number of ride requests when the travel demandis predicted to exceed a number of vehicles in the zone during thespecified timeslot.

Other embodiments include a system a computer program product.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The examples described throughout the present document will be betterunderstood with reference to the following drawings and description. Thecomponents in the figures are not necessarily to scale. Moreover, in thefigures, like-referenced numerals designate corresponding partsthroughout the different views.

FIG. 1 illustrates a block diagram of an exemplary system for requestingrides, in accordance with one or more embodiments.

FIG. 2 illustrates an example computing apparatus, in accordance withone or more embodiments.

FIG. 3 illustrates example scenarios for predicting travel demand, inaccordance with one or more embodiments.

FIG. 4 illustrates an exemplary forecasting server with one or more datarepositories, in accordance with one or more embodiments.

FIG. 5 illustrates an example training of a multi-dimensionconvolutional neural network (CNN), in accordance with one or moreembodiments.

FIG. 6 illustrates an exemplary flow diagram, in accordance with one ormore embodiments.

FIG. 7 illustrates exemplary data structures used by the example factorclassifier depicted in FIG. 4, in accordance with one or moreembodiments.

FIG. 8 illustrates a flowchart of an example method, in accordance withone or more embodiments.

FIG. 9 illustrates another example of training of neural networks, inaccordance with one or more embodiments.

FIG. 10 illustrates a flow diagram for travel demand prediction usingthe neural networks depicted in FIG. 9, in accordance with one or moreembodiments.

FIG. 11 illustrates a flowchart of an example method for travel demandprediction using the neural networks depicted in FIG. 9, in accordancewith one or more embodiments.

FIG. 12 illustrates another flow diagram for travel demand, inaccordance with one or more embodiments.

FIG. 13 illustrates a flowchart of another example method for traveldemand prediction, in accordance with one or more embodiments.

FIG. 14 illustrates a flowchart of an example method for minimizing await time of a traveler, in accordance with one or more embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Described here are exemplary technical solutions for implementing and/ortraining neural network systems for predicting and responding to traveldemand. Predicting travel demand includes predicting a number ofrequests for travel, such as for using cabs, buses, trains, or any othertravel service, at specific times and at specific zones in a geographicregion. Some embodiments described herein use a services, such as UBER™,DIDI™, and the like as an example for training a neural network,however, it should be noted that the technical features may be used inother transit services (such as mass transit) without undueexperimentation by a person skilled in the art. Technical featuresdescribed herein include a facilitated training of a neural networksystem, which can thus improve the operation of computing systems forpredicting travel demand. As such, the technical solutions are rooted inand/or tied to practical applications of computer technology in order toovercome problems specifically arising in the realm of computers, i.e.,training neural network systems for predicting travel demand.

Further, the technical solutions described herein facilitatetransporting vehicles to a specific zone in a geographic region at aspecific time, according to the inventive travel demand prediction, andthus minimize wait times of users requesting travel from the specificzone at the specific time. As discussed herein, a specific time may be atimeslot, such as a 10-minute timeslot, a 15-minute timeslot, a30-minute timeslot, or any other timeslot of a predetermined duration.In one or more examples, scheduling vehicles includes schedulingautonomous vehicles to be available at the specific zones at thespecific times. In some embodiments, the scheduling of vehicles includessending requests to one or more vehicle drivers, with requests to driveto the specific zone at the specific time according to the prediction.In some embodiments, the scheduling of the vehicles may includedetermining a number of vehicles, which may be referred to astravel-supply, that are already available in the specific zone.

Thus, such a supply-demand forecasting facilitates predicting the volumeof vehicles and riders at the specific time period in the specific zoneof the geographic region. For example, demand may surge in a first zone,which is a residential area, in the mornings and in a second zone, whichis a business district, in the evenings. The technical featuresdescribed for forecasting the supply-demand for the vehicles and riderequests facilitate transit companies, such as ride-hailing companies tomaximize utilization of drivers/vehicles and ensure that riders can geta vehicle with a predetermined minimum wait time. Such forecastingincludes analysis of large amounts of data, that has to be performed bycomputers. For example, DIDI™, which is a ride-hailing company in China,processes over 11 million trips, plans over 9 billion routes, andcollects over 50 TB of data per day (according to data available in2016). Accordingly, for analyzing such amounts of data, the technicalsolutions described herein facilitate training neural network computingsystems, or simply neural network systems.

In other words, the technical features described herein address thetechnical problem of generating a short-term travel demand predictionbased on data from transportation network sensors, user devices (such asmobile phones, wearables, etc.) and transporting vehicles according tothe predictions, such as by transporting autonomous vehicles.

FIG. 1 illustrates a block diagram of an exemplary system 100 forrequesting rides, in accordance with one or more embodiments. Asdepicted, a rider 105 can request a ride by sending the request fromrider device 110 to a ride server 120. The request can include, amongother information, a place of origin and destination for the ride. Inone or more examples, the rider device 110 may be a mobile phone, awearable device, or any other communication device. The ride server 120,in response, schedules a ride for the rider 105, by relaying the requestto a vehicle 135. The vehicle 135 may be an autonomous vehicle, whichinitiates movement towards the place of origin specified in the requestfrom the rider device 110. Alternatively, or in addition, the rideserver 120 can schedule the ride by relaying information about therequest to a driver device 130, wherein the driver device 130 indicatesto a driver of the vehicle 135 to transport towards the place of origin.The driver device 130 may be a mobile phone, a wearable device, or anyother communication device. In one or more examples, the forecastingserver 140 and the ride server 120 may be implemented as part of asingle device. Alternatively, or in addition, the ride server 120 andthe forecasting server 140 may be implemented as distributed computingsystems.

FIG. 2 illustrates an example apparatus 200 for implementing one or moretechnical solutions described herein. The apparatus 200 may be acommunication apparatus, such as a computer. For example, the apparatus200 may be a desktop computer, a tablet computer, a laptop computer, aphone, such as a smartphone, a server computer, or any other device thatcommunicates via a network 265. The apparatus 200 includes hardware,such as electronic circuitry. In one or more examples, the neuralnetworks described herein may be implemented using graphical processingunits, or any other hardware that facilitates efficient parallelizationof computing. Alternatively, or in addition, the neural networks may beimplementing using one or more electronic circuits such as SYNAPSE198 ,QUARK™, or any other chips or a combination thereof

The apparatus 200 includes, among other components, a processor 205,memory 210 coupled to a memory controller 215, and one or more inputdevices 245 and/or output devices 240, such as peripheral or controldevices, that are communicatively coupled via a local I/O controller235. These devices 240 and 245 may include, for example, batterysensors, position sensors (altimeter 40, accelerometer 42, GPS 44),indicator/identification lights and the like. Input devices such as aconventional keyboard 250 and mouse 255 may be coupled to the I/Ocontroller 235. The I/O controller 235 may be, for example, one or morebuses or other wired or wireless connections, as are known in the art.The I/O controller 235 may have additional elements, which are omittedfor simplicity, such as controllers, buffers (caches), drivers,repeaters, and receivers, to enable communications.

The I/O devices 240, 245 may further include devices that communicateboth inputs and outputs, for instance disk and tape storage, a networkinterface card (NIC) or modulator/demodulator (for accessing otherfiles, devices, systems, or a network), a radio frequency (RF) or othertransceiver, a telephonic interface, a bridge, a router, and the like.

The processor 205 is a hardware device for executing hardwareinstructions or software, particularly those stored in memory 210. Theprocessor 205 may be a custom made or commercially available processor,a central processing unit (CPU), an auxiliary processor among severalprocessors associated with the apparatus 200, a semiconductor basedmicroprocessor (in the form of a microchip or chip set), amacroprocessor, or other device for executing instructions. Theprocessor 205 includes a cache 270, which may include, but is notlimited to, an instruction cache to speed up executable instructionfetch, a data cache to speed up data fetch and store, and a translationlookaside buffer (TLB) used to speed up virtual-to-physical addresstranslation for both executable instructions and data. The cache 270 maybe organized as a hierarchy of more cache levels (L1, L2, and so on.).

The memory 210 may include one or combinations of volatile memoryelements (for example, random access memory, RAM, such as DRAM, SRAM,SDRAM) and nonvolatile memory elements (for example, ROM, erasableprogrammable read only memory (EPROM), electronically erasableprogrammable read only memory (EEPROM), programmable read only memory(PROM), tape, compact disc read only memory (CD-ROM), disk, diskette,cartridge, cassette or the like). Moreover, the memory 210 mayincorporate electronic, magnetic, optical, or other types of storagemedia. Note that the memory 210 may have a distributed architecture,where various components are situated remote from one another but may beaccessed by the processor 205.

The instructions in memory 210 may include one or more separateprograms, each of which comprises an ordered listing of executableinstructions for implementing logical functions. In the example of FIG.2, the instructions in the memory 210 include a suitable operatingsystem (OS) 211. The operating system 211 essentially may control theexecution of other computer programs and provides scheduling,input-output control, file and data management, memory management, andcommunication control and related services.

Additional data, including, for example, instructions for the processor205 or other retrievable information, may be stored in storage 220,which may be a storage device such as a hard disk drive or solid statedrive. The stored instructions in memory 210 or in storage 220 mayinclude those enabling the processor 205 to execute one or more aspectsof the systems and methods described herein.

The apparatus 200 may further include a display controller 225 coupledto a user interface or display 230. In some embodiments, the display 230may be an LCD screen. In other embodiments, the display 230 may includea plurality of LED status lights. In some embodiments, the apparatus 200may further include a network interface 260 for coupling to a network265. The network 265 may be an IP-based network for communicationbetween the apparatus 200 and an external server, client and the likevia a broadband connection. In an embodiment, the network 265 may be asatellite network. The network 265 transmits and receives data betweenthe apparatus 200 and external systems. In some embodiments, the network265 may be a managed IP network administered by a service provider. Thenetwork 265 may be implemented in a wireless fashion, for example, usingwireless protocols and technologies, such as WiFi, WiMax, satellite, orany other. The network 265 may also be a packet-switched network such asa local area network, wide area network, metropolitan area network, theInternet, or other similar type of network environment. The network 265may be a fixed wireless network, a wireless local area network (LAN), awireless wide area network (WAN) a personal area network (PAN), avirtual private network (VPN), intranet or other suitable network systemand may include equipment for receiving and transmitting signals.

The apparatus 200 may be a block diagram for the ride server 120, therider device 110, the driver device 130, and/or the forecasting server140.

Depending on where the vehicle 135 starts from, the time required forthe vehicle 135 to reach the place of origin to initiate the ride forthe rider 105 can vary. Thus, in one or more cases, the rider 105 mayhave to wait longer than what is expected. Accordingly, a technicalproblem exists to forecast the request for the ride from the place oforigin at a specific time, which may be facilitated by having thevehicle 135 closer to the place of origin, and thus reduce the waittime. Embodiments of a forecasting server 140 in accordance with thepresent invention uses technical features (described in more detailbelow) addresses such technical problems.

Typically, forecasting transit demand has been performed as a long-termprediction, with low accuracy, and coarser granularity, such as in thecontext of city planning. In contrast, embodiments of the presentinvention include technical features that facilitate short-term traveldemand prediction, with higher accuracy and specificity (with respect toboth, time and location). For example, long-term prediction typicallyinvolved a four-step process (on a macro-simulation scale) for tripgeneration (the number of trips to be made). Such long-term predictionsmay be based on land use characteristics (i.e. how land is used in ageographic region, residential or business) to determine trip generationrates. This is because factors like a number and size of households,automobile ownership, types of activities (residential, commercialindustrial, etc.), and density of development all can generallycontribute to how much travel flows from or to a specific zone withinthe region. Such long-term predictions may also estimate tripdistribution (where the rides go), and a travel mode choice for thetrips (how the trips will be divided among the available modes oftravel) and concluded with a trip assignment (predicting the route tripswill take). Long-term prediction models like these, may use suchanalysis to assign zones within the geographical region for specifictypes of activities, in an attempt to manage traffic patterns. Incontrast, some embodiments of the present invention include technicalfeatures that can determine and use existing traffic patterns to predictrequests for rides from a zone within the geographic region, at aspecific time slot, and further direct the transport one or morevehicles to the zone to meet requests for rides during a specific timeslot.

Some embodiments of the present invention include technical featuresthat facilitate implementing a hybrid deep learning architecture fortravel demand prediction using neural network systems. For example, theforecasting server 140 can facilitate determining a measure/extent ofthe impact of one or more factors on travel demand, and based on themeasure classify historic data regarding travel demand into categories,such as main factors, low dimensional auxiliary factors, and highdimensional auxiliary factors.

Alternatively, forecasting server 140 may generate a prediction based ona micro-simulation of daily activity, and travel patterns of one or moreindividuals. For example, techniques such as factorization machine,multi-output support vector regression machines may be used to model themicro-simulation data. In such cases, detailed information for suchindividuals in a zone is obtained. Examples of such information include(without limitation): age, gender, income, home location, work location,travel routine (usual times), etc. and based on a model of anindividual, a prediction is generated whether the user may request aride. The literature indicates that such a (micro-simulation based)model is theoretically ideal, but not practical, as obtaining therequired information for each individual can be difficult.

In some embodiments, the forecasting server 140 can use one or moreneural network systems for the prediction based on classified data. Theuse of neural networks for generating such predictions can be confrontedby technical problems, such as a combinatorial explosion. For example,travel demand and supply can be affected by several factors other thanlocation and timeslot, such as working day or holiday, day of week,traffic conditions, weather conditions (rain/snow/sunny), temperature,particulate matter (PM) pollution measurements e.g., PM 2.5, events(concert/football game), land usage (points of interest [POI]), etc. Oneor more of the factors may be correlated, for example, residential POIgenerates travel demand in working day morning (even higher with heavyPM 2.5), and dining & entertainment POI attract travel demand in theevening. Such correlations may lead to a combinatorial explosion.

Further, adjacent areas and time slots having a correlation with eachother can also present a technical problem, such as a combinatorialproblem. FIG. 3 illustrates example scenarios affected by such problems.For example, with reference to the zones shown in block 310, a zone-1311 that includes a workplace 316, such as a software developmentlaboratory, generates travel demand in adjacent zones, zone-2 312,zone-3 313, and/or zone-4 314, in the evening, because people from theworkplace in zone-1 311 may walk for dinner to the adjacent zones312-314 and then request rides from the adjacent zones 312-314.

Another technical problem for generating the prediction includestimeslot correlation, which can lead to a combinatorial problem. In oneor more examples, such temporal correlation may include adjacenttimeslot correlation. For example, if people usually leave home around7:00 AM, and assuming 10 minute timeslots, travel demand of the timeslots of 6:50 AM, 7:00 AM, and 7:10 AM can be correlated, because peoplemay not leave precisely in the same timeslot every day, rather one ofthe adjacent ones. Additionally, the temporal correlation may includedelayed timeslot correlation. Referring again to FIG. 3, for example,block 320 illustrates exemplary effects of an event, such as a concert,game, or any other such event, that spans multiple timeslots, on traveldemand. For example, if the timeslot is a 10-minute timeslot, block 320Aillustrates a first surge in requests for rides towards the location ofa concert at the time the concert is scheduled to begin (e.g.: 19:00),and block 320B illustrates a second surge in requests for rides awayfrom the location of the concert at the scheduled end time (e.g.:23:00). In this scenario, the second surge depends on the first surge,for example, the number of requests in the second surge may be relatedto the number of requests in the first surge.

Some embodiments of the present invention include technical featuresthat can address such technical problems to facilitate training theneural network(s) for generating the prediction. In one or moreexamples, the forecasting server 140 (FIG. 1) can build data structuresfor training the neural networks.

As will be discussed in more detail below. Such data structures caninclude one or more travel-analysis zone (TAZ) timeslot cubes,TAZ-factor cubes, and/or other data structures. In some embodiments, theTAZ-timeslot cubes and the TAZ-factor cubes can represent aspatial-temporal relationship, which can be identified from the historicdata during the training, and used for generating the travel demandprediction. In one or more examples discussed below with reference toFIG. 6, the TAZ-timeslot cubes and the TAZ-factor cubes can be builtbased on several factors, such as main factors, reduced low dimensionalauxiliary factors, and compressed high dimensional auxiliary factors.

As described herein, using the TAZ cubes for training the neuralnetworks addresses the spatial and temporal correlations describedearlier. For example, a convolution neural network is trained usingTAZ-timeslot or TAZ-factor cubes to learn spatial neighborhoodcorrelations. In one or more examples, the convolution neural networkmay use 3D convolution and multiple TAZ-timeslot cubes. Additionally, oralternatively, in one or more examples, a recurrent neural network istrained using the TAZ cubes to learn the adjacent and delayed temporaldependencies between the timeslots. For example, multiple TAZ-factorcubes may be used for a convolution neural network, followed by therecurrent neural network to generate the predictions.

Further yet, there are several (hundreds or more) auxiliary factors thataffect the travel demand. For example, consider the land usage factor;there may be millions of points-of-interest (POI) that fall intohundreds of categories for a geographic region, such as a city. Thus, aninput vector of land usage factor is a high-dimensional vector, withhundreds of dimensions, each dimension corresponding to a POI-type, andeach dimension storing a number of POIs in that type. Such an inputvector would overwhelm training using main factors if used directly. Fora more quantitative example, consider the POI data of a city, typicallyincludes total types of POIs=176, with type-level1=25 type-leve12=18.Further, in a typical database that provides POI data, for a typicalzone, the number of POI on average is 2,971 with a maximum number of POsfor a zone being 461,563 with a standard deviation of 13,743.92.

Such high-dimensional vectors of auxiliary factors adversely affect thetraining by overcoming the effects of the main factors, which arerelatively lower in number compared to the auxiliary factors. Typically,clustering methods like k-means are used to reduce high-dimensionaldata, but the accuracy loss may be unknown based on input parameters.Also, principal component analysis (PCA) may be used to reducehigh-dimensional data and is aware of the accuracy loss. However, PCAuses additional time and resources for processing. Accordingly, thetechnical features described herein address the technical problem ofhigh-dimensionality of auxiliary factors by using an auto-encoder thatreduces the high-dimensionality according to a regression operationperformed while training the recursive neural network. For example, byusing the regression, the auto-encoder abandons irrelevant auxiliaryfactors and reduces the dimensionality of the auxiliary factors that areused for training the neural networks.

Accordingly, the forecasting server 140, by using the technical featuresdescribed herein implements a hybrid deep learning architecture thatreduces the high-dimensionality of factors used for training one or moreneural networks, according to a regression task, and further reducescompression loss at the same time. Thus, the forecasting server 140addresses the technical problems faced when implementing and trainingone or more neural networks for predicting a travel demand for one ormore zones in a geographical region and at a specific timeslot. Theforecasting server 140 may perform supervised and/or unsupervisedlearning, and in one or more examples, both types of learning may beperformed at the same time.

The forecasting server 140 may implement one or more neural networks(examples of which will be discussed in more detail below). Accordingly,the forecasting server 140 may use a deep learning architecture toabstract large number of combination features directly from raw data oftravel demand, and avoid any human intervention. For example, theforecasting server 140 may use deep learning architectures such as deepneural networks, convolutional deep neural networks, deep beliefnetworks, recurrent neural networks, and/or a combination thereof forpredicting the travel demand.

FIG. 4 illustrates an exemplary forecasting server with one or more datarepositories, in accordance with one or more embodiments. Theforecasting server 140 using one or more data repositories for trainingneural networks 485, and further generating a travel demand predictionin response to receiving a prediction request from the ride server 120.The forecasting server 140 accesses data from one or more datarepositories. In one or more examples, the data repositories include atravel demand data repository 410, a geographic region data repository420, and a parameter data repository 430.

The travel demand data repository 410 stores historic data of traveldemand data. For example, the travel demand data repository 410 includesdata regarding prior requests for rides, such as timeslots the requestswere made, zones from which the requests were made, places of origin forthe requests, and places of destination for the requests, and other suchdata.

The geographic region data 420 stores data regarding the geographicregion in which the ride server provides ride-hailing services. Forexample, the geographic data repository 420 includes maps, distances,travel routes, and other such information for the geographic region.Further, in one or more examples, the geographic region data repository420 includes division of the geographic region into zones. For example,the geographic region data repository divides the geographic region,such as a city, county, state, country etc. into n non-overlappingzones, or districts D={d1,d2 , . . . , dn}.

The parameter data repository 430 stores values of one or moreparameters (or factors) that affect travel demand over a duration oftime. In one or more examples, the parameter data repository 430includes the values for the parameters for at least the timeslots forwhich the travel demand data repository 410 includes travel demand data.For example, the parameter data repository 430 includes values forfactors such as traffic conditions, weather conditions(rain/snow/sunny), temperature, PM 2.5, events (concert/football game),and the like for each timeslot being used for training the neuralnetworks 485. In addition, the parameter data repository 430 may provideaccess to real-time feeds to facilitate the forecasting server 140 toaccess real-time values of the factors that are used for generating thetravel demand prediction. For example, the real-time feeds includeweather information, traffic information, and the like.

In one or more examples, additional data repositories may store andprovide the forecasting server 140 access to additional data that is notshown and that may be used for training the neural networks 485. Theforecasting server 140 accesses the data from the data repositories fortraining the neural networks 485. The forecasting server 140 includesone or more modules for training the neural networks 485. For example,the forecasting server 140 includes a factor classifier 455, a factorencoder 465, and a cube builder 475, that facilitate training the neuralnetworks 485. In one or more examples, the forecasting server 140communicates with the ride server 120 to provide a prediction to theride server 120, to further facilitate transporting a vehicle formeeting one or more ride requests according to the prediction.

In one or more examples, the neural networks 485 includes a 3Dconvolutional neural network (CNN). The forecasting server 140 uses the3D CNN for determining spatial neighborhood correlations. Theforecasting server trains the 3D CNN using TAZ cubes as input data. Thecube builder 475 builds or generates the TAZ cubes based on the accesseddata from the data repositories 410-430.

FIG. 5 illustrates an example training of a multi-dimensionconvolutional neural network (CNN), in accordance with one or moreembodiments. In one or more examples, the TAZ cubes 610 are TAZtimeslot-cubes, one cube for each respective parameter from theparameters data repository 430. For example, FIG. 5 illustrates a demandtimeslot-cube 610A, a supply timeslot-cube 610B, a traffic timeslot-cube610C, and a weather timeslot-cube 610D. It should be noted thatdifferent, fewer, and/or more timeslot-cubes may be used by otherimplementations for training the 3D CNN.

In one or more examples, the cube builder 475 generates the TAZtimeslot-cubes 610, with each timeslot-cube of the same dimensions. Forexample, the dimensions of each of the TAZ timeslot-cubes 610 are basedon the number zones the geographical region is divided and length of thetimeslot. For example, if the geographical region is divided into x*yzones, and if there are n timeslots, the dimensions of each of the TAZtimeslot-cubes 610 are (x, y, n). In other words, the traffic TAZtimeslot-cube 610 C includes n matrices of dimensions x*y, each matrixcorresponding to a respective timeslot, and where a matrix includesvalues of the traffic parameter at each zone during a corresponding timeslot. In a similar manner, each of the TAZ timeslot-cubes includes nmatrices with corresponding parameter values at respective timeslots.The forecasting server 140 uses the TAZ timeslot-cubes for training the3D CNN. By training the 3D CNN, the forecasting server 140 computes a 3Dconvolution kernel 620 of the same dimensions as each of the TAZtimeslot-cubes 610. The 3D convolution kernel 620 includes bias factorsthat are computed based on training the 3D CNN using historic data. Theforecasting server 140 uses backpropagation during the training of the3D CNN to determine the bias factors (or weights, or filter values) inthe 3D convolution kernel 620. Typically, the 3D convolution kernel 620includes random bias factors initially, which are fine-tuned during thetraining phase. The 3D CNN fine-tunes the bias factors in theconvolution kernel using one or more pooling layers 630 such asmax-pooling, sampling layers 640, and/or sub-sampling layers (notshown). The 3D convolution network may further include a fully-connectedlayer 650 that outputs the predicted value of the vehicle demand basedon input the TAZ timeslot-cubes 610.

FIG. 6 illustrates an exemplary flow diagram for generating a predictionusing a multi-dimension CNN based on TAZ timeslot-cubes, in accordancewith one or more embodiments. At 605, the factor classifier 455 accessesraw data from the data repositories 410-430 and categorizes theparameters to be used for training a neural network, such as 3D CNN. Inone or more examples, the factor classifier 455 classifies theparameters into 3 categories: main factors 455A, low dimensionalauxiliary factors 455B, and high dimensional auxiliary factors 455C. Themain factors may include time and location. A parameter is categorizedas a low dimensional or high-dimensional factor based on a number ofdimensions associated with that factor. For example, because there maybe thousands of points of interests in the geographic region, points ofinterest may be a high-dimensional factor; whereas, a pollution levelmay be a low dimensional factor.

Further, at 615 the number of factors identified as low dimensionalfactors are reduced. In one or more examples, an administrator oranother user may identify the factors to be used, thereby reducing thenumber of low dimensional factors used during training. Alternatively,the number of low dimensional factors are reduced using machinelearning. For example, deep learning architecture is used to abstractthe combination features directly from raw data, and avoid handicraftfeatures.

FIG. 7 illustrates exemplary data structures used by the example factorclassifier depicted in FIG. 4, in accordance with one or moreembodiments. For example, the factor classifier 455 uses the datastructures to perform deep learning to determine the combination ofparameters to use for predicting the travel demand. For example, table 1illustrates a feature vector that depicts a list of parameters that isto be reduced, such as a list of the low dimensional factors.

TABLE 1 1 gap 2 demand 3 supply 4 traffic1 5 traffic2 6 traffic3 7traffic4 8 weather 9 tempreture 10 PM25 11 weekday 12 timeIndex . . . .. .

Here ‘gap’ represents a number of people 105 who did not get a ridewithin a predetermined time, ‘demand’ represents a total number of riderequests, ‘supply’ represents a total number of vehicles 135 availableto provide ride service, “traffic1-4” represent a variety of trafficstates, and the remaining parameters are self-explanatory. For example,traffic-1 represents no congestion, whereas traffic-4 represents highcongestion, with traffic-2 and 3, representing traffic states betweenthese extreme conditions.

For example, the deep learning for reducing the number of factors usestensors during the deep learning. As illustrated, the deep learning mayuse n tensors (or matrices), each matrix being a feature mapcorresponding to a time slot. Each matrix includes x*y parameter valuesduring the corresponding time slot at a specific zone in the geographicregion, where the geographic region is divided into x*y zones. Thus, acoordinate (i, j) within a matrix provides the parameter value for thezone given by coordinates (i, j). For example, an X tensor hasdimensions n*x*y, while a Y tensor has dimensions 1*1* x, in this case.Further, a 3D coordinate (i, j, t), provides a parameter value at thezone (i, j) at time slot t. Accordingly, the factor classifier 455reduces the number of parameters to be used for training the neuralnetworks 485 using deep learning or machine learning to identify theparameters to be used for the training.

Further, the high dimensional factors are compressed by the factorclassifier 455, at 625. For example, the factor classifier 455 uses anauto-encoder neural network 465, which is an unsupervised learningalgorithm that applies backpropagation, for setting the target values tobe equal to the inputs. The auto-encoder 465 may be a feedforward,non-recurrent neural network having an input layer, an output layer andone or more hidden layers connecting them. For the auto-encoder, theoutput layer has the same number of nodes as the input layer. Theauto-encoder reconstructs its own inputs (instead of predicting thetarget value Y given inputs X). the auto-encoder 465 may be a denoisingencoder, a sparse encoder, a variational encoder, a contractive encoder,or any other type of auto-encoder. Further, as illustrated theauto-encoder uses regression error from back-propagation (645) of the 3DCNN for the compression of the high-dimensional parameters, byidentifying, and abandoning irrelevant components according to theregression errors.

The cube builder 475, using the parameters identified by theauto-encoder (S3), and the deep machine learning (S2), generates the TAZtimeslot-cubes 610, at 635. The TAZ timeslot-cubes 610 are used to trainthe 3D CNN, that is, to automatically and dynamically generate one ormore 3D convolutional kernels 620 that include the bias factors to beused for predicting the demand. As described earlier, thebackpropagation error during the training is used for the auto-encoder,at S3.

The 3D CNN thus trained is then used to generate the prediction byinputting a set of parameter values. Inputting the parameter values mayinclude the forecasting server 140 accessing the parameter values fromthe data repositories 410-430. Based on the 3D convolutional kernel(s)that were generated during the training, the 3D CNN generates aprediction for the demand. For example, the output prediction of the 3DCNN may be a matrix that predicts the demand in each zone of thegeographic region for an input timeslot, based on the parameter values.Further, the prediction includes the gap that represents a number ofriders 105 that did not receive a ride within a predetermined time aftermaking or sending a ride request.

FIG. 8 illustrates a flowchart of an example method, in accordance withone or more embodiments. For example, the method is for generating aprediction of the demand for the ride requests using the multiple neuralnetworks 485 described so far. In one or more examples, the forecastingserver 140 implements the method. The method includes initializing datafor training the multiple neural networks 485, as shown at 810.Initializing the data includes dividing the geographic region that is tobe analyzed into a predetermined number of zones, as shown at 812. Inone or more examples, the division may be done manually, via a userinterface. Alternatively, the forecasting server 140, divides thegeographic region according to a predetermined grid. Further,initializing the data includes dividing time according to predeterminedtimeslots, such as 10 minute, 20 minute, 30 minute, or any other slot ofpredetermined duration, as shown at 814.

The method further includes training a first neural network forselecting, from the data repositories 410-430, parameters to use fordemand training (training the 3D CNN), as shown at 820. The first neuralnetwork, as described above, may use an architecture for deep learning,such as a typical perceptron model, with an input layer, an outputlayer, and one or more hidden layers.

Further, the method includes compressing one or more high-dimensionalparameters, from those selected. The compressing of the high-dimensionalparameters includes training and using a second neural network, such asan auto-encoder, as shown at 830. The auto-encoder may include usingbackpropagation errors that are generated during the demand training.

Further, the method includes generating the TAZ timeslot-cubes 610 basedon the selected parameters, as shown at 840. The dimensions of the TAZtimeslot-cubes 610 depend on the number of zones, number of timeslots(in a day, or any other predetermined observation period), and a numberof selected parameters. For example, the cube builder 475 generates asmany TAZ timeslot-cubes as the number of selected parameters, each cubeincluding as many matrices as a number of timeslots, each matrixrepresenting the zones of the geographic region.

Further, the method includes training a third neural network, the 3DCNN, such as for determining spatial-time neighborhood correlationsbetween the zones in the geographic region, as shown at 850. Once the 3DCNN has been trained, the method includes generating prediction(s) basedon input parameter values, as shown at 860.

Thus, the above example implementation trains and uses the 3D CNN forgenerating the prediction for the ride request demand based onspatial-time neighborhood correlations that the 3D CNN modelsautomatically by computing the bias factors in the 3D convolution kernelusing the TAZ timeslot-cubes 610.

In an alternative implementation, the neural networks 485 of theforecasting server 140 include a recurrent neural network (RNN) and a 2DCNN, which are trained and subsequently used to generate a prediction ofthe vehicle based on long and short-term dependencies of timeslots. FIG.9 illustrates the combination of the RNN and 2D CNN being trained andused for generating the prediction using TAZ factor-cubes 910 (asopposed to TAZ timeslot-cubes 610).

The TAZ factor-cubes 910 include one cube for each respective timeslotthat the forecasting server 140 uses. For example, FIG. 9 illustratesfactor cubes 910A-910E for timeslots t1-t5 respectively. It should benoted that different, fewer, and/or more timeslot-cubes may be used byother implementations for training the neural networks 485.

In one or more examples, the cube builder 475 generates the TAZfactor-cubes 910, with each factor-cube of the same dimensions. Forexample, the dimensions of each of the TAZ factor-cubes 910 are based onthe number zones the geographical region is divided and the number ofparameters that are selected for training the neural networks 485. Forexample, if the geographical region is divided into x*y zones, and ifthere are k parameters, the dimensions of each of the TAZ factor-cubes910 are (x, y, k). In other words, the traffic TAZ factor-cube 910 Aincludes k matrices of dimensions x*y, each matrix corresponding to arespective parameter, and where a matrix includes values of the trafficparameter at each zone during the timeslot tl of the cube 910A. Theother TAZ factor-cubes 910 are generated in a similar manner.

Each cube is used for training the 2D CNN and the RNN. The RNN is anartificial neural network where connections between units form adirected cycle. The RNN also includes input layer, hidden layers, andoutput layers, however, unlike feedforward neural networks, the RNN canuse an internal memory to process arbitrary sequences of inputs. The RNNmay use any of the architectures such as fully recurrent, recursive,Hopfield, Elman, Jordan, long short-term memory (LSTM), or any other ora combination thereof. In the RNN one or more of the hidden layers isconnected to itself

In one or more examples, the RNN is trained to determine long short-termdependencies of timeslots. For example, each layer of the RNN uses a 2DCNN that identifies, from each of the TAZ factor-cubes 910, theparameters to train that layer of the RNN. In one or more examples, eachlayer of the RNN corresponds to each of the respective timeslots.Accordingly, each layer of the RNN is trained using each of therespective TAZ factor-cubes 910.

For example, for the timeslot t1, a first 2D CNN selects a first subsetof parameters based on the TAZ factor-cube 910A. The first subset ofparameters are used for training a first layer of the RNN. The firstlayer of the RNN generates a prediction-t2 for the timeslot t2. For thetimeslot t2, a second 2D CNN selects a second subset of parameters,independent of the first subset of parameters. The second subset ofparameters trains a second layer of the RNN. As described before, thehidden layers of the RNN are interconnected, such that the second layerof the RNN can use weights from the first layer. Each subsequent layerof the RNN is trained in a similar manner, for each timeslot t_(i).Based on the training, the forecasting server 140 fine-tunes biasfactors for each layer of the RNN.

FIG. 10 illustrates a flow diagram for travel demand prediction usingthe neural networks depicted in FIG. 9, in accordance with one or moreembodiments. For example, the method may use the combination of the 2DCNN and the RNN based on the TAZ factor-cubes 910. 1005, 1015, and 1025are similar to 605-625 described earlier (FIG. 6). Accordingly, at 1005,the factor classifier 455 accesses raw data from the data repositories410-430 and categorizes the parameters to be used for training theneural networks 485. Further, at 1015 the number of factors are reducedusing deep learning, such as based on the tensors described earlier andillustrated in FIG. 7. Further, at 1025 the forecasting server 140compresses high dimensional factors using another neural network, suchas an auto-encoder, as described herein. The auto-encoder 465, in thiscase, uses the back-propagation errors from the 2D CNN and the RNN beingtrained to compress the high-dimensional parameters.

The cube builder 475, using the parameters identified by theauto-encoder 465, and the deep machine learning (1015), in this case,generates the TAZ factor-cubes 910, at 1035. The TAZ factor-cubes 910are used to train the 2D CNN and the RNN, that is, to automatically anddynamically generate bias factors to be used for predicting the demand.As described earlier, the backpropagation error during the training isused for the auto-encoder, at 1045.

The combination of the 2D CNN and the RNN thus trained is then used togenerate the prediction by inputting a set of parameter values.Inputting the parameter values may include the forecasting server 140accessing the parameter values from the data repositories 410-430. Basedon the bias factors that were generated during the training, theforecasting server 140 generates a prediction for the demand. Forexample, the output prediction of the combination of neural networks 485may be a matrix that predicts the demand in each zone of the geographicregion for an input timeslot, based on the parameter values at one ormore earlier timeslots. Further, the prediction includes the gap thatrepresents a number of riders 105 that did not receive a ride within apredetermined time after making or sending a ride request.

FIG. 11 illustrates a flowchart of an example method for travel demandprediction using the neural networks depicted in FIG. 9, in accordancewith one or more embodiments . The method may use a combination ofmultiple neural networks 485 using a combination of the 2D CNN and theRNN. In one or more examples, the forecasting server 140 implements themethod. The method includes initializing data for training the multipleneural networks 485, as shown at 810 and described herein. The methodfurther includes training a first neural network for selecting, from thedata repositories 410-430, parameters to use for demand training(training the 2D CNN and RNN), as shown at 820. The first neuralnetwork, as described above, may use an architecture for deep learning,such as a typical perceptron model, with an input layer, an outputlayer, and one or more hidden layers. Further, the method includescompressing one or more high-dimensional parameters, from thoseselected. The compressing of the high-dimensional parameters includestraining and using a second neural network, such as an auto-encoder, asshown at 830. The auto-encoder may include using backpropagation errorsthat are generated during the demand training.

Further, the method includes generating the TAZ factor-cubes 910 basedon the selected parameters, as shown at 1140. The dimensions of the TAZtimeslot-cubes 610 depend on the number of zones, and the number ofselected parameters (k). The cube generator 475 generates as many TAZfactor-cubes 910 as the number of timeslots (n) in a day or any otherpredetermined observation period. Each cube includes as many matrices asa number of factors, each matrix representing the zones of thegeographic region and a corresponding timeslot.

Further, the method includes training a combination of a 2D CNN and RNN.Thus, the method includes training a third neural network, the 2D CNN,and a fourth neural network, the RNN, as shown at 1150. The combinationis trained for determining long and short dependencies of timeslots.Once the combination of the neural networks has been trained, the methodincludes generating prediction(s) based on input parameter values, asshown at 1160.

Thus, the above example implementation trains and uses the neuralnetworks 485 for generating the prediction for the ride request demandbased on long and short term timeslot correlations that are modeled bythe combination of the 2D CNN and the RNN automatically by computing thebias factors using the TAZ factor-cubes 910.

In yet another example implementation, the forecasting server 140 uses acombination of the 3D CNN and the pair of the 2D CNN and the RNN forgenerating the prediction. FIG. 12 illustrates such an exampleimplementation with a dataflow, which is a combination of the dataflowsdescribed earlier herein. FIG. 13 illustrates a flowchart of such anexample implementation, which may be implemented by the forecastingserver 140.

Referring to FIG. 13, the method includes initializing data for trainingthe multiple neural networks 485, as shown at 810, and described herein.The method further includes training a first neural network forselecting, from the data repositories 410-430, parameters to use fordemand training (training the 2D CNN and RNN), as shown at 820.Referring to FIG. 12, this may be performed by the factor classifier455. The first neural network, as described above, may use anarchitecture for deep learning, such as a typical perceptron model, withan input layer, an output layer, and one or more hidden layers. Further,the method includes compressing one or more high-dimensional parameters,from those selected. The compressing of the high-dimensional parametersincludes training and using a second neural network, such as anauto-encoder 465, as shown at 830. The auto-encoder may include usingbackpropagation errors that are generated during the demand training.Referring to FIG. 12, the auto-encoder 465 may compress the factors asshown at 1225.

As illustrated, in this case, the cube builder 475 generates two sets ofTAZ cubes, the TAZ timeslot-cubes 610 and the TAZ factor-cubes 910, asshown at 840 and 1140 (see 1235 in FIG. 12). The TAZ timeslot-cubes 610are used for training the 3D CNN for modeling spatial-time neighborhoodcorrelations as described earlier, as shown at 850. The 3D CNN is thenused to generate a prediction P1 for the demand, as shown at 860.Further, the TAZ factor-cubes 910 are used for training the RNN (and 2DCNN) for modeling long and short dependencies of timeslots as describedearlier, as shown at 1150. The RNN is used for generating a secondprediction P2 for the demand, as shown at 1160.

The combination of the two neural networks ( 3D CNN, and RNN) creates ahybrid deep learning architecture that reduces the high-dimensionalityaccording to final regression task and reduces compression loss at thesame time. In one or more examples, only the back propagation from theRNN training is used by the auto-encoder (S3) when reducing highdimensionality, at block 830.

The forecasting server 140 outputs a prediction by either selecting orcombining the predictions from the two trained neural networks, as shownat 1310. For example, in one or more examples, only the prediction P 1from the 3D CNN is used as the prediction for the demand, and the backpropagation errors from one or both of the training are used for theauto-encoder training (see 1245 in FIG. 12). Alternatively, only theprediction P2 from the RNN is used as the prediction for the demand, andthe back propagation errors from one or both of the training are usedfor the auto-encoder training.

Alternatively, the predictions P1 and P2 from each of the trained neuralnetworks, the 3D CNN and the RNN, respectively, are combined to generatean output prediction. In one or more examples, the two predictions maybe combined by averaging, weighted averaging, or using any othertechnique to combine the two predictions.

FIG. 14 illustrates a flowchart of an example method for minimizing await time of a traveler, in accordance with one or more embodiments. Forexample, the ride server 120 sends a request for travel demandprediction to the forecasting server 140, as shown at 1410. In one ormore examples, the request includes a specific timeslot for which togenerate the prediction. Further yet, the request may include a specificzone in the geographic region for which to generate the prediction.

The forecasting server 140 trains the multiple neural networks 485 togenerate a travel demand prediction for the one or more zones of thegeographic region, as shown at 1405. In one or more examples, theforecasting server 140 periodically retrains the multiple neuralnetworks based on changing parameters and ride request behaviorsexhibited. For example, the forecasting server 140 may retrain or refinethe neural networks 485 every night, or every week, or at any otherpredetermined frequency. Alternatively, or in addition, the forecastingserver 140 retrains the neural networks 485 on demand.

Accordingly, using the trained neural networks 485, and in response tothe request from the ride server 120, the forecasting server 140generates the travel demand prediction and sends it to the ride server120, as shown at 1420. In one or more examples, the prediction indicatesthe gap, which represents a number of riders 105 who are predicted notget a ride within a predetermined time since requesting a ride.

The ride server 120 determines whether vehicles are available to meetthe travel demand prediction, as shown at 1430. For example, the rideserver 120 checks if available vehicles 135 in a zone are greater thanor at least equal to the predicted gap, as shown at 1432. If there are asufficient number of vehicles available in the zone, no action isperformed in this regard, as shown at 1440. Else, if the number ofavailable vehicles 135 in the zone is less than the predicted demand,the ride server 120 schedules vehicles 135 to be available according tothe travel demand prediction, as shown at 1452. For example, the rideserver 120 sends requests/instructions for one or more vehicles 135 totravel to the zone. For example, the request/instruction may be sent toone or more driver devices 130 and/or to one or more autonomous vehicles135.

Some embodiments of the present invention provide features forautomatically learning spatial neighborhood relationship of traveldemand in adjacent TAZs and short-long term dependencies of timeslotsfrom raw data in travel demand prediction. In addition, the systemfacilitates back propagation of regression error to at the same time.According to final regression (prediction) objective, the technicalsolutions automatically reduce the high-dimensionality of auxiliaryfactors, and also reduce and control compression loss at the same time.One or more of the technical features facilitate predicting traveldemand prediction using multiple neural networks, which may be trainedusing supervised and unsupervised learning at the same time.

Although examples of the present invention apply neural networks topredicting travel demand, those skilled in the art will understand thatneural networks trained using features described herein can be used inor with other applications.

The present technical solutions may be a system, a method, and/or acomputer program product at any possible technical detail level ofintegration. The computer program product may include a computerreadable storage medium (or media) having computer readable programinstructions thereon for causing a processor to carry out aspects of thepresent technical solutions.

The computer readable storage medium can be a tangible device that canretain and store instructions for use by an instruction executiondevice. The computer readable storage medium may be, for example, but isnot limited to, an electronic storage device, a magnetic storage device,an optical storage device, an electromagnetic storage device, asemiconductor storage device, or any suitable combination of theforegoing. A non-exhaustive list of more specific examples of thecomputer readable storage medium includes the following: a portablecomputer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM), aread-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROMor Flash memory), a static random access memory (SRAM), a portablecompact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), a digital versatile disk (DVD),a memory stick, a floppy disk, a mechanically encoded device such aspunch-cards or raised structures in a groove having instructionsrecorded thereon, and any suitable combination of the foregoing. Acomputer readable storage medium, as used herein, is not to be construedas being transitory signals per se, such as radio waves or other freelypropagating electromagnetic waves, electromagnetic waves propagatingthrough a waveguide or other transmission media (e.g., light pulsespassing through a fiber-optic cable), or electrical signals transmittedthrough a wire.

Computer readable program instructions described herein can bedownloaded to respective computing/processing devices from a computerreadable storage medium or to an external computer or external storagedevice via a network, for example, the Internet, a local area network, awide area network and/or a wireless network. The network may comprisecopper transmission cables, optical transmission fibers, wirelesstransmission, routers, firewalls, switches, gateway computers and/oredge servers. A network adapter card or network interface in eachcomputing/processing device receives computer readable programinstructions from the network and forwards the computer readable programinstructions for storage in a computer readable storage medium withinthe respective computing/processing device.

Computer readable program instructions for carrying out operations ofthe present technical solutions may be assembler instructions,instruction-set-architecture (ISA) instructions, machine instructions,machine dependent instructions, microcode, firmware instructions,state-setting data, configuration data for integrated circuitry, oreither source code or object code written in any combination of one ormore programming languages, including an object oriented programminglanguage such as Smalltalk, C++, or the like, and procedural programminglanguages, such as the “C” programming language or similar programminglanguages. The computer readable program instructions may executeentirely on the user's computer, partly on the user's computer, as astand-alone software package, partly on the user's computer and partlyon a remote computer or entirely on the remote computer or server. Inthe latter scenario, the remote computer may be connected to the user'scomputer through any type of network, including a local area network(LAN) or a wide area network (WAN), or the connection may be made to anexternal computer (for example, through the Internet using an InternetService Provider). In some embodiments, electronic circuitry including,for example, programmable logic circuitry, field-programmable gatearrays (FPGA), or programmable logic arrays (PLA) may execute thecomputer readable program instructions by utilizing state information ofthe computer readable program instructions to personalize the electroniccircuitry, in order to perform aspects of the present technicalsolutions.

Aspects of the present technical solutions are described herein withreference to flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods,apparatus (systems), and computer program products according toembodiments of the technical solutions. It will be understood that eachblock of the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, andcombinations of blocks in the flowchart illustrations and/or blockdiagrams, can be implemented by computer readable program instructions.

These computer readable program instructions may be provided to aprocessor of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, orother programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, suchthat the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computeror other programmable data processing apparatus, create means forimplementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or blockdiagram block or blocks. These computer readable program instructionsmay also be stored in a computer readable storage medium that can directa computer, a programmable data processing apparatus, and/or otherdevices to function in a particular manner, such that the computerreadable storage medium having instructions stored therein comprises anarticle of manufacture including instructions which implement aspects ofthe function/act specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram blockor blocks.

The computer readable program instructions may also be loaded onto acomputer, other programmable data processing apparatus, or other deviceto cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer,other programmable apparatus or other device to produce a computerimplemented process, such that the instructions which execute on thecomputer, other programmable apparatus, or other device implement thefunctions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block orblocks.

The flowchart and block diagrams in the Figures illustrate thearchitecture, functionality, and operation of possible implementationsof systems, methods, and computer program products according to variousembodiments of the present technical solutions. In this regard, eachblock in the flowchart or block diagrams may represent a module,segment, or portion of instructions, which comprises one or moreexecutable instructions for implementing the specified logicalfunction(s). In some alternative implementations, the functions noted inthe blocks may occur out of the order noted in the Figures. For example,two blocks shown in succession may, in fact, be executed substantiallyconcurrently, or the blocks may sometimes be executed in the reverseorder, depending upon the functionality involved. It will also be notedthat each block of the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, andcombinations of blocks in the block diagrams and/or flowchartillustration, can be implemented by special purpose hardware-basedsystems that perform the specified functions or acts or carry outcombinations of special purpose hardware and computer instructions.

A second action may be said to be “in response to” a first actionindependent of whether the second action results directly or indirectlyfrom the first action. The second action may occur at a substantiallylater time than the first action and still be in response to the firstaction. Similarly, the second action may be said to be in response tothe first action even if intervening actions take place between thefirst action and the second action, and even if one or more of theintervening actions directly cause the second action to be performed.For example, a second action may be in response to a first action if thefirst action sets a flag and a third action later initiates the secondaction whenever the flag is set.

To clarify the use of and to hereby provide notice to the public, thephrases “at least one of <A>, <B>, . . . and <N>” or “at least one of<A>, <B>, . . . <N>, or combinations thereof' or “<A>, <B>, . . . and/or<N>” are to be construed in the broadest sense, superseding any otherimplied definitions hereinbefore or hereinafter unless expresslyasserted to the contrary, to mean one or more elements selected from thegroup comprising A, B, . . . and N. In other words, the phrases mean anycombination of one or more of the elements A, B, . . . or N includingany one element alone or the one element in combination with one or moreof the other elements which may also include, in combination, additionalelements not listed.

It will also be appreciated that any module, unit, component, server,computer, terminal or device exemplified herein that executesinstructions may include or otherwise have access to computer readablemedia such as storage media, computer storage media, or data storagedevices (removable and/or non-removable) such as, for example, magneticdisks, optical disks, or tape. Computer storage media may includevolatile and non-volatile, removable and non-removable media implementedin any method or technology for storage of information, such as computerreadable instructions, data structures, program modules, or other data.Such computer storage media may be part of the device or accessible orconnectable thereto. Any application or module herein described may beimplemented using computer readable/executable instructions that may bestored or otherwise held by such computer readable media.

The descriptions of the various embodiments of the present technicalsolutions have been presented for purposes of illustration, but are notintended to be exhaustive or limited to the embodiments described. Manymodifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skillin the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the describedembodiments. The terminology used herein was chosen to best explain theprinciples of the embodiments, the practical application, or technicalimprovement over technologies found in the marketplace, or to enableothers of ordinary skill in the art to understand the embodimentsdescribed herein.

1.-10. (canceled)
 11. A system comprising: a memory; and a processoroperably coupled to the memory, the processor configured to: receive aride request, the request being for travel from a starting location to azone in a geographic region during a specified timeslot; predict traveldemand based on a number of ride requests in the zone during thespecified timeslot; and request transport of one or more vehicles to thezone in response to the predicted number of ride requests when thetravel demand is predicted to exceed a number of vehicles in the zoneduring the specified timeslot.
 12. The system of claim 11, wherein theprocessor trains one or more neural networks for predicting the traveldemand, and wherein the one or more neural networks include anauto-encoder, a 3D convolutional neural network (CNN), a 2D CNN, and arecurrent neural network (RNN).
 13. The system of claim 12, wherein theprocessor trains the 3D CNN using travel analysis zone (TAZ)timeslot-cubes, wherein a TAZ timeslot cube includes a plurality ofmatrices, each matrix associated with a predetermined factor, andwherein a first matrix associated with a first predetermined factorincludes values of the first predetermined factor for each of thetimeslots at each zone of the geographic region.
 14. The system of claim13, wherein the processor predicts the travel demand based on thetrained 3D CNN.
 15. The system of claim 12, wherein the processor trainsa combination of a 2D convolutional neural network (CNN) and a recurrentneural network (RNN) using travel analysis zone (TAZ) factor-cubes,wherein a TAZ factor-cube includes a plurality of matrices, and whereina matrix includes values of a corresponding traffic parameter at eachzone during a specific timeslot.
 16. The system of claim 15, wherein theprocessor predicts the travel demand based on the trained combination ofthe 2D CNN and the RNN.
 17. A computer program product for minimizingwait times of riders after sending a ride request for a vehicle, thecomputer program product comprising a computer readable storage mediumhaving program instructions embodied therewith, the program instructionsexecutable by a processor to cause the processor to: receive a riderequest, the request being for travel from a starting location to a zonein a geographic region during a specified timeslot; predict traveldemand based on a number of ride requests in the zone during thespecified timeslot; and request transport of one or more vehicles to thezone in response to the predicted number of ride requests when thetravel demand is predicted to exceed a number of vehicles in the zoneduring the specified timeslot.
 18. The computer program product of claim17, wherein said predicting travel demand further comprises, training,one or more neural networks to predict travel demand in response to saidreceiving the request , and wherein the one or more neural networkscomprise a 3D convolutional neural network (CNN) operably coupled to oneor more travel analysis zone (TAZ) timeslot-cubes, wherein the trainingfurther comprises: building said one or more TAZ timeslot-cubes, whereina TAZ timeslot cube includes a plurality of matrices, each matrixassociated with a values for the timeslot at the zone of the geographicregion.
 19. The computer program product of claim 17, wherein trainingthe one or more neural networks comprises training a 2D convolutionalneural network (CNN) and a recurrent neural network (RNN) using travelanalysis zone (TAZ) factor-cubes, wherein a TAZ factor-cube includes aplurality of matrices, and wherein a matrix includes values of acorresponding traffic parameter at each zone during a specific timeslot.20. The computer program product of claim 18, wherein training themultiple artificial neural networks further comprises training acombination of a 2D convolutional neural network (CNN) and a recurrentneural network (RNN) using travel analysis zone (TAZ) factor-cubes,wherein a TAZ factor-cube includes a plurality of matrices, and whereina matrix includes values of a corresponding traffic parameter at eachzone during a specific timeslot.